1.1-1.7 IGCSE Chemistry 2018

The Pearson Edexcel International GCSE in Chemistry comprises two externally-assessed papers: 

•Chemistry Paper 1 (The total number of marks is 110) 

• Chemistry Paper 2 (The total number of marks is 70) 

Covering

1 Principles of chemistry 

2 Inorganic chemistry 

3 Physical chemistry 

4 Organic chemistry 

1 Principles of chemistry 

The following sub-topics are covered in this section.

 (a) States of matter (b) Elements, compounds and mixtures (c) Atomic structure (d) The Periodic Table (e) Chemical formulae, equations and calculations (f) Ionic bonding (g) Covalent bonding (h) Metallic bonding (i) Electrolysis

(a) States of matter 

Students should: 

1.1 understand the three states of matter in terms of the arrangement, movement and energy of the particles 1.2 understand the interconversions between the three states of matter in terms of: • the names of the interconversions • how they are achieved • the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles. 1.3 understand how the results of experiments involving the dilution of coloured solutions and diffusion of gases can be explained 1.4 know what is meant by the terms: • solvent • solute • solution • saturated solution. 1.5C know what is meant by the term solubility in the units g per 100 g of solvent 1.6C understand how to plot and interpret solubility curves 1.7C practical: investigate the solubility of a solid in water at a specific temperature

Notes:

https://pmt.physicsandmathstutor.com/download/Chemistry/GCSE/Notes/Edexcel-IGCSE/1-Principles-of-Chemistry/Set-A/a)%20States%20of%20matter.pdf

• States of Matter MS
• States of Matter QP

1.1: Understand the Three States of Matter in Terms of Arrangement, Movement and Energy of the Particles

THREE STATES OF MATTERS:

s

	SOLID	LIQUID	GAS
DIAGRAM
ARRANGEMENT	Close Together in Regular Arrangement	Close Together in Free Arrangement	Far Apart in Random Arrangement
MOVEMENT	Vibrate on the Spot	Move Around Each Other	Move Quickly in All Directions
ENERGY	Small Amount of Kinetic Energy	Moderate Amount of Kinetic Energy	Large Amount of Kinetic Energy

1.2: Understand the Interconversions between the Three States of Matter in Terms of: The Names of the Interconversions, How they are Achieved, the Changes in Arrangement, Movement and Energy of the Particles

INTERCONVERSIONS BETWEEN STATES OF MATTER:

Diagram Showing the Interconversions between the States of Matter

EXPLANATION:

CHANGE	EXPLANATION
SOLID → LIQUID MELTING	Heat the Solid until it Melts Particles Gain Kinetic Energy and Vibrates Faster, allowing Particles to Overcome the Forces of Attraction that Hold them Together in the Solid Regular Pattern is Broken Down and Particles can Now Slide Past one Another
LIQUID → SOLID FREEZING	Cool the Liquid until it Freezes Particles Lose Kinetic Energy and Allows the Forces of Attraction between the Particles to Hold them Together Particles Arrange themselves into a Regular Pattern and are No Longer able to Slide Past one Another
LIQUID → GAS EVAPORATING	Heat the Liquid until it Boils Particles Gain Kinetic Energy and Move Further Apart causing the Forces of Attraction between the Particles to be Completely Broken and they are able to Escape from the Liquid
GAS → LIQUID CONDENSING	Cool the Gas until it Condenses Particles Lose Kinetic Energy and Vibrates Faster, allowing the Forces of Attraction between the Particles Closer Together The particles Eventually Clump Together to Form a Liquid
SOLID → GAS SUBLIMATION	Heat the Solid until it Sublimes Particles Gain Kinetic Energy and Vibrates Faster This causes the Forces of Attraction between the Particles to be Completely Broken and are Able to Escape from the Solid

1.3: Understand How the Results of Experiments Involving the Dilution of Coloured Solutions and Diffusion of Gases can be Explained

DILUTION OF COLOURED SOLUTIONS

Diagram Showing a Crystal of Potassium Manganate (VII) Dissolving in Water

METHOD: Fill Beaker with Water Add a Crystal of Potassium Manganate (VII) and Record Observations

RESULTS: When Potassium Manganate (VII) Crystals are Dissolved in Water, a Purple Solution Forms This Occurs as Both Water and Potassium Manganate (VII) Particles are Moving Freely, Sliding Over Each Other, allowing them to Mix to form a Solution with a Weaker Colour than the Crystal (Original Dye) This is Because the Potassium Manganate (VII) Particles are Less Concentrated so the Final Colour will be Weaker

DIFFUSION OF GASES

Diagram Showing the Diffusion of Bromine Gas with Air

METHOD: Place a Jar of Air on top of a Jar of Bromine Allow Time for Diffusion to Take Place and Record Observations

RESULTS: Overtime, Bromine Gas will Diffuse Upwards and into the Jar of Air This Occurs as Both Air and Bromine Particles are Moving Randomly, Colliding with Each Other as there are Large Gaps Between the Particles, allowing them to Mix Together to Form a Gas with a Lighter Shade of Brown This is Because the Bromine Particles are Less Concentrated so the Final Colour will be Weaker

1.4: Know What is Meant by the Terms: Solvent, Solute, Solution, Saturated Solution

DEFINITION:

s

TERM	DEFINITION
SOLVENT	Substance that Dissolves a Solute E.g, In Salt and Water Solution, Water is the Solvent
SOLUTE	Substance that Dissolves in a Solvent E.g, In Salt and Water Solution, Salt is the Solute
SOLUTION	Mixture Formed by a Solvent and Solute
SATURATED SOLUTION	Solution where No More Solute can Dissolve (Any More Solute that is Added will Settle to the Bottom)

1.5C: Know What is Meant by the Term Solubility in the Units g Per 100g of Solvent

SOLUBILITY: Measurement of How Much of a Substance will Dissolve in a Given Volume of a Solvent (Shown in the Units of g Per 100g of Solvent)

s

• If a Substance is Soluble, it will Dissolve in a Given Amount of Solvent (liquid)
• Solubility Increases as Temperature and Pressure Increases

EXAMPLES OF SOLUBILITY OF SUBSTANCES IN WATER AT 20°C:

s

SOLUTE	SOLUBILITY
SODIUM CHLORIDE	36
COPPER (II) SULPHATE	32
LEAD (II) IODIDE	0.07
LEAD (II) NITRATE	54

1.6C: Understand How to Plot and Interpret Solubility Curves

SOLUBILITY: Measurement of How Much of a Substance will Dissolve in a Given Volume of a Solvent (Shown in the Units of g Per 100g of Solvent)

s

• If a Substance is Soluble, it will Dissolve in a Given Amount of Solvent (liquid)
• Solubility Increases as Temperature and Pressure Increases

EXAMPLE OF INTERPRETING SOLUBILITY CURVES:

SOLID	EXPLANATION
A	As Temperature Increases, Solubility of Solid A Increases the Most
B	As Temperature Increases, Solubility of Solid B Increases but at a Slower Rate than Solid A
C	Temperature Does Not Affect the Solubility of Solid C

SOLUBILITY: Measurement of How Much of a Substance will Dissolve in a Given Volume of a Solvent (Shown in the Units of g Per 100g of Solvent)

INVESTIGATING SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS AT SPECIFIC TEMPERATURES

Diagram Showing a Solid in Water of Set Temperature to Measure the Solubility

METHOD: Set Water Bath to Specific Temperature Use Water from Water Bath and Add into Beaker Add Solid into the Beaker and Measure the Time it Takes for Solid to Dissolve

RESULTS: As the Temperature of the Water Increases, the Time Taken for the Solid to Dissolve will Increase (More Soluble) The Increase in Kinetic Energy that comes with Higher Temperatures will Overcome the Intermolecular Forces of Attraction between Solid Particles and Break them Apart, Increasing the Solubility of Solids as a Result